See -ā on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tamil",
"lang_code": "ta",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ஆ"
},
{
"lang": "Malayalam",
"lang_code": "ml",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ആ"
},
{
"lang": "Telugu",
"lang_code": "te",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ఆ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "(clitic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Dravidian clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"interrogative clitic"
],
"id": "en--ā-dra-pro-suffix-GyTn7XJ9",
"tags": [
"clitic",
"interrogative",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-haqa",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/-haqa"
],
[
"*saqa",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/saqa"
],
[
"*saqat",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Oceanic/saqat"
],
[
"*zaqat",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/zaqat"
],
[
"kaihaʻa",
"kaihaʻa#Tongan"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*-haqa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *-haqa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*saqa",
"4": "",
"5": "wrong, bad, taboo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *saqa (“wrong, bad, taboo”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-oce-pro",
"3": "*saqat",
"4": "",
"5": "bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic *saqat (“bad”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*zaqat",
"4": "",
"5": "bad, evil ugly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat (“bad, evil ugly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to",
"2": "kaihaʻa"
},
"expansion": "Tongan kaihaʻa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Polynesian *-haqa, from an extension of Proto-Polynesian *saqa (“wrong, bad, taboo”), from Proto-Oceanic *saqat (“bad”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat (“bad, evil ugly”). Compare the second element of Tongan kaihaʻa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-wā",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"lang_code": "haw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hawaiian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ʻai + -ā → ʻaiā"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pejorative suffix"
],
"id": "en--ā-haw-suffix-udHBDVME",
"links": [
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈaː/"
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "あー"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of あー"
],
"id": "en--ā-ja-romanization-PtjoPsEi",
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"あー",
"あー#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "アー"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of アー"
],
"id": "en--ā-ja-romanization-wP2N7sBI",
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"アー",
"アー#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kix",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Khiamniungan Naga",
"lang_code": "kix",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Khiamniungan Naga entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
12
],
[
21,
22
]
],
"english": "Get ready for the school.",
"text": "Chàmvì khù ā thēuthó ākhēmlòuh.",
"translation": "Get ready for the school.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"infinitival suffix"
],
"id": "en--ā-kix-suffix-cYMlASV6",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/a³³/"
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*-eh₂<id:collective nouns>",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nominal\" data-lang=\"itc-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-Italic:_nominal\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ (according to Fellner and Grestenberger, in a non-femininizing individualizing function).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ā m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Italic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Italic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms masculine agent nouns from prefixed or compounded bases."
],
"id": "en--ā-itc-pro-suffix-Lje6SXMA",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Sicel",
"lang_code": "scx",
"raw_tags": [
"in εποπασκα (epopaska)"
],
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-α"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*-eh₂<id:collective nouns>",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nominal\" data-lang=\"itc-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-Italic:_nominal\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ (according to Fellner and Grestenberger, in a non-femininizing individualizing function).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-am",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ans",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-āzom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ād",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms feminine nouns."
],
"id": "en--ā-itc-pro-suffix-2tKSqX6U",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ē",
"word": "-η"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ḗ",
"word": "-ή"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ā́",
"word": "-ᾱ́"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "feminine",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "Ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ān",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ayyun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-āōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ayyun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-āhi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-āis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ā́"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates a noun from a root or stem."
],
"id": "en--ā-grk-pro-suffix-f2pcPh87",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "kórwos (“boy”) + *-ā → *kórwā (“girl”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Feminizes a noun; creates a semantically feminine counterpart to a masculine noun."
],
"id": "en--ā-grk-pro-suffix--FrUMsjG",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 21 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Hellenic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Feminine ending of adjectives in the first declension."
],
"id": "en--ā-grk-pro-suffix-45AZ1otJ",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ǭ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ǭ#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-ǭ",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"agent noun\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_noun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǭ",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǭ",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ǭ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "derivational suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 7 6 19 17 2 27 5 6 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 6 19 17 2 27 6 6 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 8 35 8 9 10 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 11 31 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 12 12 15 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 12 12 15 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms feminine agent nouns; -ess"
],
"id": "en--ā-gmw-pro-suffix-A1kewvXb",
"links": [
[
"-ess",
"-ess#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -æ"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ǭ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ǭ#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_singular"
],
[
"*-ōz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz#Proto-Germanic:_genitive_singular"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"id": "singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǭ",
"id": "accusative singular"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz",
"id": "genitive singular"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two different suffixes:\n* In the accusative singular, from Proto-Germanic *-ǭ.\n* In the genitive singular, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gift”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative singular of ō-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ā-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:accusative_singular",
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:accusative singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gift's”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive singular of ō-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ā-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:genitive_singular",
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:genitive singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemmanic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemmanic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ā"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-anz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-anz#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_plural"
]
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-anz",
"id": "a-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"a-stem accusative plural\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_a-stem_accusative_plural\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-anz",
"id": "accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-anz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stain(a) (“stone”) + -ā → *stainā (“stones”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative plural of masculine a-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ā-gmw-pro-suffix-OfZeaiow",
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"early"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -æ"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"raw_tags": [
"possibly; either from jō- or ī/jō-stems or borrowed from Romance"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemannic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"raw_tags": [
"possibly; either from jō- or ī/jō-stems or borrowed from Romance"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemannic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ā"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ōz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_plural"
]
],
"etymology_number": "4",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-ōz<id:accusative plural>",
"id": "ō-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"ō-stem accusative plural\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_ō-stem_accusative_plural\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz",
"id": "accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ōz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gifts”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative plural of ō-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ā-gmw-pro-suffix-gFLpgVvq",
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-haqa",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/-haqa"
],
[
"*saqa",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/saqa"
],
[
"*saqat",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Oceanic/saqat"
],
[
"*zaqat",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/zaqat"
],
[
"kaihaʻa",
"kaihaʻa#Tongan"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*-haqa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *-haqa",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*saqa",
"4": "",
"5": "wrong, bad, taboo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *saqa (“wrong, bad, taboo”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-oce-pro",
"3": "*saqat",
"4": "",
"5": "bad"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic *saqat (“bad”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*zaqat",
"4": "",
"5": "bad, evil ugly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat (“bad, evil ugly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to",
"2": "kaihaʻa"
},
"expansion": "Tongan kaihaʻa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Polynesian *-haqa, from an extension of Proto-Polynesian *saqa (“wrong, bad, taboo”), from Proto-Oceanic *saqat (“bad”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat (“bad, evil ugly”). Compare the second element of Tongan kaihaʻa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-wā",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"lang_code": "haw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Hawaiian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hawaiian lemmas",
"Hawaiian suffixes",
"Hawaiian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Hawaiian terms derived from Proto-Oceanic",
"Hawaiian terms derived from Proto-Polynesian",
"Hawaiian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Hawaiian terms inherited from Proto-Oceanic",
"Hawaiian terms inherited from Proto-Polynesian",
"Hawaiian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ʻai + -ā → ʻaiā"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pejorative suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈaː/"
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese romanizations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "あー"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of あー"
],
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"あー",
"あー#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "アー"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of アー"
],
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"アー",
"アー#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kix",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Khiamniungan Naga",
"lang_code": "kix",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Khiamniungan Naga entries with incorrect language header",
"Khiamniungan Naga lemmas",
"Khiamniungan Naga suffixes",
"Khiamniungan Naga terms with usage examples",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
12
],
[
21,
22
]
],
"english": "Get ready for the school.",
"text": "Chàmvì khù ā thēuthó ākhēmlòuh.",
"translation": "Get ready for the school.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"infinitival suffix"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/a³³/"
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tamil",
"lang_code": "ta",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ஆ"
},
{
"lang": "Malayalam",
"lang_code": "ml",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ആ"
},
{
"lang": "Telugu",
"lang_code": "te",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ఆ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "(clitic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Dravidian clitics",
"Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Dravidian lemmas",
"Proto-Dravidian suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"interrogative clitic"
],
"tags": [
"clitic",
"interrogative",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Hellenic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Hellenic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Hellenic lemmas",
"Proto-Hellenic suffixes",
"Proto-Hellenic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Hellenic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Hellenic ā-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ē",
"word": "-η"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ḗ",
"word": "-ή"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ā",
"word": "-ᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-i",
"word": "-η"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ā́",
"word": "-ᾱ́"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "feminine",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "Ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ān",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ayyun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-āōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ayyun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-āhi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-āis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ā́"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates a noun from a root or stem."
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "kórwos (“boy”) + *-ā → *kórwā (“girl”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Feminizes a noun; creates a semantically feminine counterpart to a masculine noun."
],
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"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Feminine ending of adjectives in the first declension."
],
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"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
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"Proto-Italic entries with incorrect language header",
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"Proto-Italic lemmas",
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"Proto-Italic suffixes",
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],
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[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*-eh₂<id:collective nouns>",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nominal\" data-lang=\"itc-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-Italic:_nominal\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ (according to Fellner and Grestenberger, in a non-femininizing individualizing function).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ā m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms masculine agent nouns from prefixed or compounded bases."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
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"Proto-Italic lemmas",
"Proto-Italic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Italic suffixes",
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"Proto-Italic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Italic ā-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Sicel",
"lang_code": "scx",
"raw_tags": [
"in εποπασκα (epopaska)"
],
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-α"
}
],
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[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
]
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*-eh₂<id:collective nouns>",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nominal\" data-lang=\"itc-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-Italic:_nominal\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ (according to Fellner and Grestenberger, in a non-femininizing individualizing function).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-am",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ans",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-āzom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ād",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-āi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ais",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms feminine nouns."
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic derivational suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic ōn-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ǭ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ǭ#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-ǭ",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"agent noun\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_noun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǭ",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǭ",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ǭ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "derivational suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-on"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms feminine agent nouns; -ess"
],
"links": [
[
"-ess",
"-ess#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -æ"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"extended to the nominative"
],
"word": "-a"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ǭ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ǭ#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_singular"
],
[
"*-ōz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz#Proto-Germanic:_genitive_singular"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"id": "singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǭ",
"id": "accusative singular"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz",
"id": "genitive singular"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two different suffixes:\n* In the accusative singular, from Proto-Germanic *-ǭ.\n* In the genitive singular, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gift”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative singular of ō-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:accusative singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gift's”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive singular of ō-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:genitive singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemmanic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemmanic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ā"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-anz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-anz#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_plural"
]
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-anz",
"id": "a-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"a-stem accusative plural\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_a-stem_accusative_plural\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-anz",
"id": "accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-anz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stain(a) (“stone”) + -ā → *stainā (“stones”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative plural of masculine a-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"early"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -æ"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"raw_tags": [
"possibly; either from jō- or ī/jō-stems or borrowed from Romance"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemannic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "-ä"
},
{
"lang": "Walser German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"raw_tags": [
"possibly; either from jō- or ī/jō-stems or borrowed from Romance"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"raw_tags": [
"Alemannic -ā"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ā"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-ōz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz#Proto-Germanic:_accusative_plural"
]
],
"etymology_number": "4",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-ōz<id:accusative plural>",
"id": "ō-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }\" data-id=\"ō-stem accusative plural\" data-lang=\"gmw-pro\" data-title=\"*-ā\" id=\"Proto-West_Germanic:_ō-stem_accusative_plural\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz",
"id": "accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ōz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ā",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ā",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ā → *gebā (“gifts”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the accusative plural of ō-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ā"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ā meaning in All languages combined (26.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.